Questions on Computer Basics and Software

No. of Printed Pages : 4 BACHELOR IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA Revised) Term-End Examination cV 00 June, 2012 BCS-011 BCS-011 : COMPUTER BASICS AND P C SOFTWARE Time : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 100 Weightage : 75% Note : Question number 1 is compulsory and carries 40 marks. Attempt any three questions from the rest. (a) Convert the following hexadecimal number to equivalent binary and decimal : (i) (ii) (b) (51)16 (DA)16 5 4 1. How is the access time on a disk is defined ? Explain each of the component of access time with the help of an example. Explain the basic structure of a computer system ? With the help of a diagram .A personal computer has a component called motherboard. How is motherboard related to the basic computer structure ? (c) 6 BCS-011 1 P. T. O. List five facilities that are provided by an operating system to a user or to a program. Draw a flow chart to add integer between 2 to (n+1) where n>2. Explain the terms : Subroutine and function with the help of an example. C onsider two IP addresses 160. 10. 11. 25 160. 10. 12. 35 Do they belong to the same network , if (i) The subnet mask is 255. 255. 0. 0 (ii) The subnet mask is 255. 255. 255. 0 Justify your answer. (h) What is a Wide Area Network (WAN) ? What are the characteristics of WAN ?How are they different from LANs ? Is Internet a WAN ? Justify your answer. What is the need of memory hierarchy in a computer system ? Explain with the help of various trade offs like cost, speed, size etc. What is perverse software ? List various types of perverse software. Give four ways to counter perverse software. What are cookies in the context of Browser software ? Are cookies bad ? Explain. List four precautions for safe browsing. BCS-011 2 7 6 8 6 3. (a) Compare and contrast the characteristics of the following : (i) (ii) (b) Dot matrix printer versus Laser printer Cathode ray tube monitors versus liquid crystal display monitors. (c) â€Å"Latest word processor have text 8 manipulation functions that ex tend beyond a basic ability to enter and change text † . Explain any four of these advanced text manipulation functions. 6 Explain the characteristics of the following data transmission channels : (i) (ii) Optic fiber cables Radio waves (iii) Infrared 4. (a) List six activities that should be part of an e-learning system. Explain the phases of content development in e-learning. (b) Compare and contrast the following : (i) (ii) SRAM versus DRAM SIMM versus DIMM 6 8 (iii) ROM versus PROM (iv) CD-ROM versus Pen – drive. c) What is Open Source Software ? What are the main features of open source development model ? BCS-011 3 6 P. T. O. 5. Explain any five of the following with the help of an example/diagram, if needed. (i) (ii) The uses of WIKI in collaboration. The activities/actions performed by a search engine. 20 (iii) TCP/IP model. (iv) (v) (vi) Activities in a project management software. Batch systems and time sharing operating systems. Different types of parts in a computer. (vii) Concept of Instruction ; and motivation for development of UNICODE. BCS-011 4

Apollo 13

On April 11th 1970 the Apollo 13 Lunar Mission launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Aboard Apollo 13, 3 astronauts—Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haise—were seeking to be the third mission to land on the moon. 56 hours into the flight the members of the ground crew of Mission Control in Houston, Texas listened as the 5 words NASA never wants to hear resonated through the speakers: â€Å"Houston we have a problem. † These words were immortalized during the apprehensive days of the Apollo 13 lunar mission crisis. Additionally, it can be said that Apollo 13 was one of the greatest success stories of human achievement and triumph.Director Ron Howard recreated these epic and historical events in the 1995 movie Apollo 13. The Apollo 13 theatrical movie trailer provides insight condensing the events of Apollo 13. Furthermore, it illustrates the true, real life narrative that depicts the prevailing nature of human will and the spirit to overcome such adv ersity. Furthermore the comradely of the flight crew and the ground crew in Houston, along with the support, thought and prayer from the entire world as they watched the subsequent events of the disaster unfold, illuminates the miracle that was Apollo 13, and proves one thing. Failure in not an option.The binary scenes between the flights crew in space and the ground crew in Houston depict the collective action of both parties and the importance of teamwork in accomplishing a goal. Apollo 13 was not seen merely as one disaster but a series of â€Å"cause and effect† disasters, each one building on the previous. In the face of this action the flight crew remained remarkably calm, analyzed the situation, communicated with the ground crew and took action. Similarly in Houston the ground team worked together as a team, analyzing the series of problems and working together to arrive at a assuredness of purpose and plan.The switching between the scenes in space and those on the gro und were fast, sporadic and at times overlapping, especially during the climax of the disaster. This exemplified the coinciding responsibilities and symbiotic relationship of both teams. As well, a major difficulty with the entire Apollo 13 disaster was that at that time nobody—flight or ground crew—knew exactly what happened and how to fix it. This is illustrated by the disjointing of each team through separation of the scenes (and scenery). The flight team was shown in outer space, floating in air (due to the absence of gravity), clad in full-fledged space suits.While the ground team was on earth working in a mission control room, and clothed in typical work-attire. The flight crew, being at the event, could not see the results of the initial explosion; while in Houston the ground crew was not in a much better position, however having some vital information from instruments in the spacecraft. All the while not understanding of the cause of the problem, as well as how dire the situation was, and only knowing it was deteriorating quickly. These binaries construct an understanding that one could not survive without the other; working together, teamwork, was their only option.Human will, and the spirit to overcome such adversity can be seen in the hard-work, dedication, sacrifice and trust demonstrated by the astronauts and the members of the ground team alike, especially with so much at stake—human life. In the end, â€Å"what† broke on the Apollo 13 service module was never fixed. Instead, the ground crew came together and developed a plan of action with only one purpose: To safely return Apollo 13 to earth, and the flight crew only considered one ultimate outcome: returning to earth safely.Furthermore while focused on one united cause there was only one outcome, and it proved to be a miracle. As well, the true leadership and true vision of those involved in Apollo 13 serves as a reminder anything is possible. Gene Krantz, Apollo 13 ’s flight director exhibited true leadership. Gene is known for two quotes, both of which can be seen in the trailer: â€Å"Failure is not an option. † and â€Å"We’ve never lost an American in space; we sure as hell aren’t going to lose one on my watch. His refusal to even consider failure as a possibility was a significant factor resulting in the return of Apollo 13 to earth.Although addressing the multitude of complex, compounding issues and problems facing the safe rescue of the flight crew, his perfect vision—seeing things not as they were, but as they will be—was important because it refused members of the team to engage in negative thinking. As well Lovell’s wife when asked by news reported about the events voiced her positive thinking and determined attitude, â€Å"Take it up with my husband, he will be here on Friday. † The background music of the trailer crescendos along with the heightened intensity of the events.Th e statement by Lovell at the beginning of the trailer, â€Å"There is nothing routing about flying to the moon,† through irony foreshadows such an epic, out-of-the ordinary event. Ultimately, the Apollo 13 crew under these facts and circumstances and knowing that these astronauts barely survived the closest encounter with death in space; was nothing short of a real, true life miracle. The story is nonetheless true, and incredibly inspiring. The final scene of the trailer is a picture of earth in space with Apollo 13 across the screen.The simplicity of this final scene in contrast to the epic and immense event is somewhat overpowering and truly exemplifies Apollo 13 as one of the greatest success stories. The world stood still, watched and prayed for the safe return of the astronauts, and by overcoming all odds, they did return and in the most remarkable fashion. The success story of Apollo 13 should serve as a reminder that anything is possible. One thing that is stressed in the trailer is the greatness and epic circumstances that encompass the Apollo 13 mission.There is significant focus on intensity and disaster showcased in the trailer, including climatic and expressive music, musical crescendos, extreme emotion, intense explosions, and fire blazed action. The content producers, however, chose to stress the scene in which the shuttle takes-off and when the tank of the command module explodes in space. The viewer can then relate and infer the relationship between the two events, and assume that the unthinkable happens, disasters strikes thus leaving the astronauts paramount mission—survival. Apollo 13 On April 11th 1970 the Apollo 13 Lunar Mission launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Aboard Apollo 13, 3 astronauts—Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haise—were seeking to be the third mission to land on the moon. 56 hours into the flight the members of the ground crew of Mission Control in Houston, Texas listened as the 5 words NASA never wants to hear resonated through the speakers: â€Å"Houston we have a problem. † These words were immortalized during the apprehensive days of the Apollo 13 lunar mission crisis. Additionally, it can be said that Apollo 13 was one of the greatest success stories of human achievement and triumph.Director Ron Howard recreated these epic and historical events in the 1995 movie Apollo 13. The Apollo 13 theatrical movie trailer provides insight condensing the events of Apollo 13. Furthermore, it illustrates the true, real life narrative that depicts the prevailing nature of human will and the spirit to overcome such adv ersity. Furthermore the comradely of the flight crew and the ground crew in Houston, along with the support, thought and prayer from the entire world as they watched the subsequent events of the disaster unfold, illuminates the miracle that was Apollo 13, and proves one thing. Failure in not an option.The binary scenes between the flights crew in space and the ground crew in Houston depict the collective action of both parties and the importance of teamwork in accomplishing a goal. Apollo 13 was not seen merely as one disaster but a series of â€Å"cause and effect† disasters, each one building on the previous. In the face of this action the flight crew remained remarkably calm, analyzed the situation, communicated with the ground crew and took action. Similarly in Houston the ground team worked together as a team, analyzing the series of problems and working together to arrive at a assuredness of purpose and plan.The switching between the scenes in space and those on the gro und were fast, sporadic and at times overlapping, especially during the climax of the disaster. This exemplified the coinciding responsibilities and symbiotic relationship of both teams. As well, a major difficulty with the entire Apollo 13 disaster was that at that time nobody—flight or ground crew—knew exactly what happened and how to fix it. This is illustrated by the disjointing of each team through separation of the scenes (and scenery). The flight team was shown in outer space, floating in air (due to the absence of gravity), clad in full-fledged space suits.While the ground team was on earth working in a mission control room, and clothed in typical work-attire. The flight crew, being at the event, could not see the results of the initial explosion; while in Houston the ground crew was not in a much better position, however having some vital information from instruments in the spacecraft. All the while not understanding of the cause of the problem, as well as how dire the situation was, and only knowing it was deteriorating quickly. These binaries construct an understanding that one could not survive without the other; working together, teamwork, was their only option.Human will, and the spirit to overcome such adversity can be seen in the hard-work, dedication, sacrifice and trust demonstrated by the astronauts and the members of the ground team alike, especially with so much at stake—human life. In the end, â€Å"what† broke on the Apollo 13 service module was never fixed. Instead, the ground crew came together and developed a plan of action with only one purpose: To safely return Apollo 13 to earth, and the flight crew only considered one ultimate outcome: returning to earth safely.Furthermore while focused on one united cause there was only one outcome, and it proved to be a miracle. As well, the true leadership and true vision of those involved in Apollo 13 serves as a reminder anything is possible. Gene Krantz, Apollo 13 ’s flight director exhibited true leadership. Gene is known for two quotes, both of which can be seen in the trailer: â€Å"Failure is not an option. † and â€Å"We’ve never lost an American in space; we sure as hell aren’t going to lose one on my watch. His refusal to even consider failure as a possibility was a significant factor resulting in the return of Apollo 13 to earth.Although addressing the multitude of complex, compounding issues and problems facing the safe rescue of the flight crew, his perfect vision—seeing things not as they were, but as they will be—was important because it refused members of the team to engage in negative thinking. As well Lovell’s wife when asked by news reported about the events voiced her positive thinking and determined attitude, â€Å"Take it up with my husband, he will be here on Friday. † The background music of the trailer crescendos along with the heightened intensity of the events.Th e statement by Lovell at the beginning of the trailer, â€Å"There is nothing routing about flying to the moon,† through irony foreshadows such an epic, out-of-the ordinary event. Ultimately, the Apollo 13 crew under these facts and circumstances and knowing that these astronauts barely survived the closest encounter with death in space; was nothing short of a real, true life miracle. The story is nonetheless true, and incredibly inspiring. The final scene of the trailer is a picture of earth in space with Apollo 13 across the screen.The simplicity of this final scene in contrast to the epic and immense event is somewhat overpowering and truly exemplifies Apollo 13 as one of the greatest success stories. The world stood still, watched and prayed for the safe return of the astronauts, and by overcoming all odds, they did return and in the most remarkable fashion. The success story of Apollo 13 should serve as a reminder that anything is possible. One thing that is stressed in the trailer is the greatness and epic circumstances that encompass the Apollo 13 mission.There is significant focus on intensity and disaster showcased in the trailer, including climatic and expressive music, musical crescendos, extreme emotion, intense explosions, and fire blazed action. The content producers, however, chose to stress the scene in which the shuttle takes-off and when the tank of the command module explodes in space. The viewer can then relate and infer the relationship between the two events, and assume that the unthinkable happens, disasters strikes thus leaving the astronauts paramount mission—survival.

Art for Arts Sake

A study of John Ruskin and Oscar Wilde’s Views on Art In the late nineteenth century a movement known as â€Å"Art for Art’s Sake† occurred, which consists of the appreciation of art for what it truly is; just art. At that time many critics tried to find moral and intellectual meanings within works of art. Many artists united to defend art, two authors who defend the concept of art are John Ruskin and Oscar Wilde. In his work From The Stones of Venice, John Ruskin exults and admires gothic architecture because its gives the artist the freedom of creativity and self-expression. In his preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde alike Ruskin defends the concept that art is â€Å"useless† and that it must be admired for what it is, which is just simply art. The following goes into more detail on the ideas Ruskin and Wilde have on art. In From the Stones of Venice [The Savageness of Gothic Architecture], John Ruskin presents his fondness for Gothic architecture because of the freedom it gives to man, he also points out that he finds southern Europe more appealing than Northern Europe because it is darker. In the following, Ruskin presents the system of architectural ornaments; in which he particularly prefers revolutionary ornaments because there is no difference between the architect and the workers and so they are all equal. The following passage presents each system: The systems of architectural ornament, properly so called, might be divided into three:1. Servile ornament, in which the execution or power of the inferior workman is entirely subjected to the intellect of the higher; 2. Constitutional ornament, in which the executive inferior power is, to a certain point, emancipated and independent, having a will of its own, yet confessing its inferiority and rendering obedience to higher powers; and 3. Revolutionary ornament, in which no executive inferiority is admitted at all. (Ruskin, 1326) John Ruskin goes on to elaborate his favoritism of imperfection. For Ruskin something that is perfect does not mean that is good and that the search for perfection is weakness and that passion for perfection will lead to the slavery of the mind. Ruskin believes that mental slavery is far worse than physical slavery; for Ruskin gothic ornaments such as gargoyles and goblins are signs of liberty and gives the worker a certain level of independence. Ruskin elaborates â€Å"accurately speaking, no good work whatever can be perfect and the demand for perfection is always a sign of a misunderstanding of the ends of art† (Ruskin, 1333). For him, imperfection is far more superior to the quest of perfection. In the eyes or Ruskin, art must be imperfect and it must be noble; he points out â€Å"A most important truth, that no architecture can be truly noble which is not imperfect† (Ruskin, 1333). His reasons for loving imperfection, is because nothing in nature or in life is perfect and so art must reflect that. John Ruskin ends his work by expressing his thoughts on art in the following passage â€Å"Accept this then, for a universal law, that neither architecture nor any other noble work of man can be good unless it be imperfect†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Ruskin, 1334). In Preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde alike Ruskin defends art for what it is. Wilde commences by pointing or that â€Å"The artist is a creator of beautiful things†¦. Those who find ugly meanings in beautiful things are corrupt without being charming† (Wilde, 1697). Wilde embodies the â€Å"Art for Art sake† movement with this passage because he elaborates that artist create beautiful things for the enjoyment and that those who try to find a more intellectual meaning behind it are corrupt. Wilde goes on to defend imperfection just as John Ruskin, he presents his thoughts of morality and imperfection in the following â€Å" The moral life of man forms part of the subject matter of the artist, but the morality of art consists in the perfect use of an imperfect medium†(Wilde, 1698). In this passage, Wilde points out that morality and art are two separate things and they both form a part of the life of the artist; there is no connection between art and moral. Oscar Wilde believes that the artificial is better than nature because unlike nature that changes and withers, art captures a moment and preserves it. For him, the form is only important and the content does not matter. The most important part of his work is at the very end in which Wilde elaborates the following â€Å"The only excuse for making a useless thing is that one admires it intensely. All art is quite useless† (Wilde, 1698). Oscar Wilde does not literally mean that art is useless but rather that art is made for admiration and so it must be enjoyed for what it is and not be used to find a deeper meaning. John Ruskin and Oscar Wilde embody the â€Å"Art for Art’s sake† movement because they enjoy art for what it is, which is simply art. They both rejected the concept that art has to be studied because it holds a deeper moral lesson. For them, true beauty lies in the imperfection, because in life nothing is truly perfect. Wilde and Ruskin believe that art is a form of liberation and freedom; for them art is created to be admired and enjoyed.

Disaster Recovery Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Disaster Recovery Planning - Essay Example This article looks at the various essential elements of disaster recovery planning how NIST guidelines can be applied to implement a disaster recovery plan. Physical risks for business include and are not restricted to natural calamities like Earth Quakes, Storms, and Floods etc. Fire accidents, power failures, Use of Unsafe machinery and Equipment all come under Physical Risks. Malfunctioning of Individual units in a system, Network Cables, Cable tapping are some of the physical factors that pose risk to a Business (Cooper, 1995). Physical risks to a business also include risks to the physically existing things like buildings, the computers, related media and equipment. Few of the physical risks are mentioned below. Natural Calamities: Natural Calamities like Earth Quakes, Storms and Floods disrupt any business and their corresponding data that is stored. A single quake can destroy entire business information in no time and nullify its existence. Continuous monitoring of this information and assessing the risks that these factors cause, becomes an important issue. All business data and resources (movable and immovable) are at stake if risk due to these factors is not analyzed. Malfunctioning of Cables and Other C... All business data and resources (movable and immovable) are at stake if risk due to these factors is not analyzed. Malfunctioning of Cables and Other Components: Another major risk faced by the business is due to the improper functioning of components present in a system or the Network cables that make up the backbone of any network. Hardware faults are inevitable, so nullifying them will not be possible. Their affect could be equally frustrating and annoying. Even these cause many problems to the organizations that include data loss, increased response time, network congestions, and un-timely break up of systems and temporary stagnation of work (Cooper, 1995). Managing these risks is not only necessary but also very important for the growth of an organization. Trashing: Trashing, also known as dumpster diving is a possible physical risk commonly found in the corporate sector. In this method, sensitive data is searched for in the trash and most of the times, the crackers become successful. History has proved that many industrial spies achieved remarkable success with this approach. It is common for crackers to find useful information in used tape drives, disks and discarded print outs. Crackers often find computer manuals, passwords and other information in them. All sensitive data that should not be saved will be saved and can be easily recoverable from trash. This becomes the initial point for the risks. A cracker sees a highway ahead to breach the system with this approach (Cooper, 1995). Eaves Dropping: Business data may be prone to interception with this approach, commonly known as Eaves dropping. It is a known fact that upon pressing a key on the keyboard, Electro Magnetic waves will be generated

Biological theories have no relevancy in explaining crime. How far do Essay

Biological theories have no relevancy in explaining crime. How far do you agree with this statement - Essay Example In order to find a rational explanation of crime, a large number of theories have been propounded. Various factors such as evil spirit, sin, disease, heredity, economic maladjustments etc., have been put forward either singly or together to explain criminality. 2. Free-will theory: Beccaria, the founder of modern criminology denounced the earlier religious fallacies and myths to explain crime. He laid greater emphasis on mental phenomenon of the individual and attributed crime to the free will of the individual. This doctrine implied the notion of causation in terms of the free choice to commit crime by a rational man seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. 4. Ferri believes that crime is the synthetic product of three main factors (i) Physical or geographical (2) Anthropological and (iii) Psychological or social. He emphasized that criminal behavior is an outcome of a variety of factors having their combined effect on the individual. 6. Criminality is XYY Syndrome: Socio-biologists and geneticists studied chromo somatic pattern of criminals and linked it with criminal behavior. X and Y are sex chromosomes persons inherit from their parents. Male infants are typed with XY while female infants with XX pattern. Y chromosome is aggressive and X is passive. However the unusual XYY chromosome pattern leads to aggression and criminality. There is no one royal way to lay out the sociology of crime: some have classified its component theories by their supposed political leanings (liberal, conservative and radical, for instance); some by their attentiveness or inattentiveness to gender; some by their alleged foundational assumptions about the character of the social world (classical, positivist, ‘social constructionist’ and the like); some by their chronology; some by the great men and women who propounded them; and others by schools of thought. Crime, after all, is centrally bound up with the state’s attempts to impose its

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research Paper - Essay Example As the world continue to apply information technology in various sectors such as banking, education, trade and entertainment, intellectual property issues have become even more complicated. This has led to the formulation of a new set of laws known as cyber laws. Consequently, cyber crimes are defined as any form of malpractice that involves tampering with computer based resources, cyber fraud, cyber based intimidation, and computer hackings are some of the major cyber crimes. These laws are incorporated in the information technology act, 2000. It is difficult to implement intellectual property rights without proper cyber laws and legislation. Intellectual property Patents A patent is a legal document that is issued by the federal government to an inventor. The document gives the owner exclusive rights of reproducing or participating in his innovation without threats from other developers. The right is meant to promote creativity and innovation in various industries2. Moreover, paten t rights allow members of the public to disclose innovations and other forms of technological advances in their respective industries3. Laws meant to protect intellectual property under patents have been criticized for certain ambiguities. This has necessitated constant reviews to make the required adjustments. Thus, suitable legislations should have clear definitions on patents and the extent to which patents can be applied. Furthermore, suitable legislation should set limits beyond which the legislations are considered to be violated. This is to safeguard innovators and other property developers from accusations of intellectual property theft. Trademarks Trademarks are quality assurance symbols and information used to identify the quality of a product. Ideally, trademarks are business items that are meant to protect manufacturers and traders. Tirade marks have often been accused of promoting monopoly trade, which may be harmful to the economy. This is because they promote the sale and continuity of popular products while they inconvenience inexperienced entrepreneurs. Trademarks are also used as sources of standards for a particular products and services. Copyrights Copyrights are constitutional property rights, which grant rightful owner, creators, or authors of certain material exclusive rights over their production and distribution. Copyrights provisions are meant to promote innovation and useful arts by offering incentives and protection to their owners. Ideally, copyrights protect intangible and original works including music, research, books, photographs, films, and computer software. Copyright is a collection of rights that include; the right to reproduce copyrighted material, rights to derive additional work, rights to distribution and public display. Each of these rights is protected under the information Technology Act of 2000. Cyber crime A cyber crime is regarded as any crime or offense that violates The Information Technology Act 2000. This rede finition leaves out major issues and provisions that threaten activities in the real world. Moreover, cyber laws conflicts with freedom of information and cyber space. Certainly, cyber laws cannot work in isolation and they require adequate collaboration with other supportive or related laws. For example, a person who is accused of sending intimidating massages over the internet will be charged with criminal intimidation provisions that are contained in the common laws4. Further, a person

Historical and political perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Historical and political perspectives - Essay Example , and it became clear that further action was necessary to ensure that the mandate to protect the rights and autonomy of disabled children was not impeding the realistic delivery of a personal understanding of their unique needs and potential. The CAF was one of several initiatives taken in response to widespread doubt regarding the efficacy of the Acts and provided a nationwide model of expectation and practice (Pithouse, 2006). Together, these two changes in national policy have turned the tide for the education of children with special educational needs. The SEN Code of Practice 2001 recommended a graduated distribution of nationwide change in the areas of assessment and inclusion in the mainstream schools. Thereafter, with the emphasis on building bridges between schools, a firm foundation was laid for the CAF 2005. Specifically, the CAF 2005 established a database of information for ascertaining with the special needs of children and standardized related expectations and recommended practices (â€Å"Behaviour and Individual Differences†, 2010). The function of CAF 2005 in addressing the shortcomings of the SEN 2001 Act was never explicitly acknowledged, but was rather a generalized reinforcement of a number of educational reforms. The official purposes focused upon children with an impaired â€Å"opportunity of achieving or maintaining a reasonable standard of health or development† (Pithouse, 2006, 201). Thus, by combining methodological recommendations for focus and economy, the CAF proposes educational change in a multi-faceted and complex manner (Pithouse, 2006). From the above discussion, it is evident that the CAF 2005 was an incremental approach over the objectives established under the 2001 SEN act. While the SEN 2001 act provides legal rights to disabled students, the CAF 2005 focuses more on an integrated approach towards assessing the needs of children and young people. Thus, the latter facilitates a wholesome strategy towards reaching a wider

Sociological Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociological Theory - Essay Example In arriving at his conclusions, Durkheim identified few factors relating to the issue and applied theories one at a time to the data until they fitted. He concluded that â€Å"suicide rate varied from group to group† (Gelles and Levine, 1999, p.25). It means to say that there is no exact causal pattern for suicide and the tendency that people may or may not commit suicide depends upon the attributes of the group he belongs. For example, Japanese soldiers were most likely to take their lives than other members of armed forces; â€Å"unmarried people had much higher rates than married people did† (Schaefer, 2001, p. 11). Though Durkheim offered a more scientific explanation of the causes of suicides compared to other findings, his conclusions were still weak. A theory is not a final explanation of events, like human behavior. That is why sociologists continue to determine other factors that will explain why people commit suicide (summarized based from Shaefer, 2001, p.11; website reference containing closely similar facts at http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/CURRIC/soc/durkheim/durkw2.htm)There are three major sociological perspectives that are useful in explaining the presence of a society. These are the functionalist, conflict, and, symbolic perspectives. Under the functionalist perspective, a society is looked up as an integral part that plays a vital role without which a world can not exist. In the conflict theory, a society is looked up as the causes of struggle, competition, and other conflicts.

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Criminal Justice - Essay Example However, the exacting of the inmate’s freedoms, liberties and choices must be balanced, so that the social or public order is not disturbed. The public order is the prison the inmate is serving in. It is in the interest of social order that every inmate is to be accorded treatment or medical attention, as a way of upholding the US’ civil rights, justice and social order. However, room is left for inmates to exercise choice. Nevertheless, the declining of medical attention is seen to contravene public order in the event that the patient’s medical condition can affect social order. Mental illness, communicable diseases and urgent and important vaccines to an outbreak are some of the conditions which may directly affect public order. The crux of the matter above is that if the inmate is not accorded medical attention when he is in any of the three conditions above, he is likely to endanger the lives and health of other inmates and prison staff as well. Therefore, the exacting of forceful treatment will be being done for the good of the inmate, the rest of the inmates, the prison staff and US (or state) interests. It must also be remembered from the outset that life belongs to the state. Because of this, declining medical attention to a point where the life of the inmate may be in danger is akin to and amounts to breaching public order. No one has a right to take his life, even if it is by resisting medical attention. The two polarities (individual rights and public order) can be balanced by passing a legal injunction which would give prison authorities the power to administer treatment to specific medical conditions, if the inmate resisted. Some of these specific medical conditions that would bestow power on prison authorities include the refusal to receive medical attention because of mental derangement or psychological

Desire in Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Desire in Death of a Salesman - Essay Example Artists and writers like Arthur Miller, dissatisfied with the status quo, were influenced by existential philosophy and Freudian psychology, both of which took off in popularity during the post-WWII years. Death of a Salesman is a scathing criticism of the American Dream, which stated that success was equated with the collection of material goods and social acceptance. Miller, like many post-modern writers, was captivated by the psychology of Sigmund Freud, which defined human existence through the human consciousness. The Death of a Salesman has been heavily influenced by psychoanalysis as described by Freud. Salesman was analyzed by psychoanalysts almost immediately after its debut on Broadway in 1949. According to Susan Haedicke, literary scholars have always been fascinated with the psychological processes of the Lomans and have analyzed the play in purely psychoanalytical terms. As a matter of fact, many of Miller’s plays tend to lend themselves well to Freudian analysis. Willy Loman’s flashbacks, for example, are a type of dreams and full of Freudian potential. They have been discussed at length and are the cause of Willy’s friends and family’s concern for his sanity throughout the play.

Things That Drive Me Crazy Essay Example for Free

Things That Drive Me Crazy Essay Going to the gym to work out after a full day of classes is my chance to unplug and escape from the day’s tension. Once I warm up and begin to get pumped, I head right into my exercise zone and don’t want to be distracted. However nothing irks me more than someone using a cellphone while working out. There are signs everywhere asking patrons to avoid using electronic devices but some people completely ignore them. Listening to a girl carry on a loud lengthy conversation about her boyfriend infuriates me. Not only does conversations about people’s personal lives irate me it can’t be safe. I mean do these people come to the gym to work out or talk on their phones? People have this ridiculous sense of self-importance, where all the other people trying to exercise in peace for an hour dont matter. Even more exasperating is the guy sitting on a weight bench talking about all the money he is making while others are waiting to use the equipment. I have tried giving people like this a nasty glare in the hopes they would take the hint. Nonetheless they continue with their conversations ignoring me. I was recently in a cycling class and a girl actually got off of her bike to answer her phone during the class. Are you kidding me? I don’t get it. You make time to get to the gym, set up for the class, get into the zone and get off your bike to answer a phone. Forty-five minutes to take a class and you can’t resist the temptation to answer your phone? Shut if off already. There really is no way to deal with situation except wear earphones, which I started doing. Some people complain to management and signs have been posted yet the situation continues a friend of mine told me the same situation exists at his gym and nothing is done about it.

Communication and Ethical Issues Summary Essay Example for Free

Communication and Ethical Issues Summary Essay The first example of the SWAT Team raiding a suspected meth house showed no ethics at all. The officers probably assumed no one was home since they pulled over their suspect away from his home, When they see a man coming down the stairs they should have noticed a golf club un his hand not a gun. The use of their power in this case was not justified even if he resisted non of the officers would have been hurt by the helmet and body armor they wear. Their use of power was unjustified (Balko, 2013). The second example where a homeless man is carrying a knife and would not drop it was shot. It was legal for him to have and carry the knife and if a bystander has to ask a police officer why he shot him tells me that he was not doing anything threatening with the knife. He was shot because he did not drop it. This is the shortcomings of the officer culture of leadership in his department because the officer was cleared of any wrong doing. His use of power was unjustified (Balko, 2013). The third example is where the police raid a recording studio thinking there are a large quantity of drugs located there. They only find personal consumption quantity and they try to decide what equipment in the recording studio they will take on asset forfeiture grounds. The police conversations were recorded because the equipment was left on when they raided the home. This is clearly an ethical problem within their agency with the leadership and the culture they have developed. Their use of power was unjustified (Balko, 2013). When you see your own leadership in your own agency does things that are not quite by the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), it can give you the understanding that if you copy what they do or their wrong you would be justified. The author of this paper watched a correctional sergeant spray a can of pepper spray into a cell just to mess with the inmate that was inside, no other reason. An investigation  was held and the sergeant was given a verbal reprimand. The officers who worked directly for this sergeant also felt that if they broke the SOP, this sergeant would have their back and help in justifying their actions like not pulling inmates out of their cells for showers during their shower time, purposely dropping their food trays on the floor or spitting in their food. This action happens and in the report that is turned in it gets justified by that sergeant signing off on the action. Reference Balko, R. (2013, September 10). Radley Balko on the 3 Worst Cases of Police Abuse in 2011 [Video file]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix Media Library website: https://portal.phoenix.edu/medialibrary/videodetails.05V110608001512139.html

The Aims and Objectives of an Islamic Bank

The Aims and Objectives of an Islamic Bank Islamic banking is becoming increasingly popular and plays a prominent role in the financial services sector in Malaysia. According to latest statistics shown, the Muslim population of Malaysia is approximately 25 million. There is definitely a strong demand and strong growth potential in this sector. In Malaysia, the banking sector is mainly dominated by the conventional banking system whereby interest is not being prohibited. It is because the Islamic banking system is relatively new and there are insufficient regulations at present to govern them. If these obstacles are being resolved, the Islamic Banking sector will blossom given the influence of Malaysia in the international Muslim community. The primary aim of this research is to examine and understand in depth the development of Islamic banking in the world of finance. This piece of research can be divided into three sections. The first section looks at significant differences between conventional banking and Islamic banking. Products and services offered by these financial institutions will be marked to comparison. The second section looks at how the practice of Islamic banking started and how it has emerged to become a vial force in the economy. The final part of the research will focus on how the Islamic banks penetrated the Malaysian market and the challenges faced. 1.1 Structure of Dissertation This dissertation is divided into a few topics and each topic covers different areas of research. This is to give readers a clearer view of the research and make it more user-friendly. It is well thought and designed to ensure the smooth flow of the reading. The structure of the dissertation can be summarized as follows: Chapter 1: This chapter describes the aims and objectives of this research. Chapter 2: This chapter discusses the principles and fundamentals of Islamic banking Chapter 3: This chapter explains in detailed the state and scope of Islamic banking industry in Malaysia. I have also mentioned to objectives and roles the Malaysia International Islamic Financial Centre Initiatives plays in the industry. Chapter 4: Research methodologies and strategies that were being adopted for this paper was discussed. Chapter 5: I have marked two Islamic banks in Malaysia for side by side comparison. I have drawn up a table to compare their financial performance and position over the past two years. Chapter 6: I have interviewed two Islamic bankers from Malaysia. On top of that, I have also provided my personal analysis of their answers. Chapter 7: Competition and globalization of the Islamic banking industry. Moreover, I have also discussed opportunities and challenges faced in the world and in Malaysia. Chapter 8: A summary of the paper was included with recommendations and limitations to research. 2 INTRODUCTION So, what exactly is Islamic Banking? Islamic Banking is banking based on Islamic laws (Shariah). The Shariah principles are derived from the Quran and the Sunnah (sayings of Prophet Muhammad). Moreover, secondary sources of Islamic laws such as opinions collectively agreed among Shariah scholars, analogy and personal reasoning are also adopted in the rules and practices of Islamic banks (Al-Omar, 1996). The research then looks at the differences between conventional banking and Islamic banking. There governing principles of Islamic banks are: Riba Absence of interest-based transactions. Charging of interest is prohibited under Shariah principles. Money itself does not have inherent value and should not be used to create more money. Wealth can only be generated through legitimate trade and investment. Ghirar Acts of speculation are not accepted under Islamic principles. For instance, buying goods now at lower price in the hope of selling them at higher price in future. The reason being speculators make private gains at the expense of society at large. Zakat Introduction of Islamic tax for the purpose of wealth distribution so that every Muslim is guaranteed a fair standard of living. Haram It is forbidden for Islamic banks to finance activities forbidden in Islam such as prok meat and alcoholic beverage. In order to ensure that the trading activities do not contradict with Shariah principles, all Islamic banks are required to set up Shariah Committee, who acts as advisor to the banks. On the other hand, conventional banks charge interest on transactions. These interests are widely seen as price of credit. Furthermore, conventional banks focuses on elimination of risks and thus do not share any liabilities with the borrower. (Figure 1) Islamic Bank Vs Conventional Bank Based on Shariahprinciples. Based on best economic principles. Bank should not take advantage of borrower. No interest charged. Charges interest to reflect price of credit. Does not allow involvement in haramactivities such as pork meat and alcoholic beverage. Aims at maximizing profit without restrictions other than compliance with relevant regulatory frameworks. Intoduction of zakat. Non-existence of zakat. Promotes risk sharing between providers of credit and borrower. Interest is assured to providers of credit. No liabilities borne by the bank. Emphasis placed on viability and feasibility of projects. Emphasis placed on credit-worthiness of customers. Only provide guarantee for deposit account (al-wadiah). If funds placed under mudarabah accounts, customers shares profit or loss incurred by bank. Provides guarantee to all its depositors. www.learn islamicfinance.com 2.1 Fundamentals of Islamic Banking Finance Islamic commercial law is based on a few major principles. They will be discussed in detailed as follows: Musharakah (Partnership Finance) Musharakah is a contract in which the bank and the client contribute jointly to the capital of a specific project or deal to make a profit. Therefore, risks of profits and losses are being shared between these two parties according to terms and conditions stipulated in the contract. This principle exposes bank to the risks of the project, in other words protecting the interests of the community. This will prevent banks from yielding their unfair influence and sells disadvantage products to clients. Mudarabah (Trust Financing) Mudarabah is a contract in which the banks provides all the capital required whilst the partner contributes in terms of skills, experiences and efforts. The bank receives a pre-determined share of profits as agreed by both parties upon commencement of the project. The major difference between mudarabah and musharakah is that in this case, the bank bears all financial loss whilst the client goes unrewarded. Therefore, it is also the banks responsibilities to assess the feasibility and viability of the project. As such, it is vital for the bank to have a good and credible credit system to evaluate all its exposures on these projects. In short, this principle encourages individuals to participate in financial activities It also gives individuals without sufficient resources an opportunity and platform to prove themselves in the society. Murabaha (Cost-plus Financing) Murabaha is a contract in which the banks informs their client about the acquisition price of certain goods and products and sells them with a margin. It requires the bank to declare an honest price of acquisition. It is one of the most common principles adopted in Islamic banking system to promote interest-free transactions. It is widely practiced in asset financing and both commodity import and export. Bai-Muajjal (Deferred Payment Sale) It is a contract in which the seller sells a certain goods or products to the buyer at an agreed fixed price to be paid later at a specific date by the buyer. In short, it is a sale on credit. The bank merely acts as the financier by deferring the receipt of the sale price of goods it sells. Ijara (Leasing) In this case, the bank buys capital equipment or property and leases it out under instalment to clients. Similar to conventional leasing, the client has the option to purchase the goods at the end of the lease period. The fact that there is real good to be financed means that it is Shariah compliant. A very common product adopting this principle is Islamic mortgage whereby the buyer buys the property on an instalment basis. Qard Hassan Islamic teachings promote brotherhood amongst Muslims. Qard Hassan is seen as a gratuitous loan that helps fellow Muslims who need financial assistance. It can be defined as a loan to be repaid at a later date without incurring any interests. According to Rob (1992), Islamic banks may raise funds through sale of shares to public and main deposit accounts. Therefore, the bank has a responsibility to lend a helping hand to those in desperate situation without taking of their advantaged position. 2.2 Compatibility of Islamic Banking with Conventional Banking Islamic banking system has very similar features to conventional banking except that Islamic banks operate in compliant to Shariah laws and principles. Both banking systems have common features and common products. The main differences being prohibition of interests being incurred and sharing of profits and losses between banks and their clients (Abdur Rahim, 2009). They have the same objectives except interpretation of interest. Islamic banks fall into realms of the economic world as well. They try to ensure all their operations comply with Shariah laws yet at the same time conform to rules set by international bodies such as International Accounting Standards Board and Audit Practices Board. This is to ensure they remain relevant to the society and at the same time conform to their religious principles. Islamic banks sell products such as mortgages, savings accounts, insurance which is also sold by all conventional banks across the world. According to Nienhaus (1995), Islamic banks offer facilities more or less the same as conventional banks, in compliance with the welfare principles of Islam. 3 LITERATURE REVIEW A literature review is a process in which published articles or information are studied as part of the research for the preparation of a dissertation. For the purpose of this project, I have gathered information from books and articles from various sources. I have studied the concept of Islamic banking, having limited understanding about this topic previously. Further, I have also included discussion about the development of Islamic banking in the world, and in particular, Malaysia. This paper allows readers to have a good grasp of Islamic banking in general. It gives readers the opportunity to study about Islamic banking in greater detail when the interest of this industry gathering strong momentum. This is of particular importance because Islamic banking has a huge impact of the world economy because of the strong influence of the oil-rich Gulf States. 3.1 Introduction Since a few decades ago, Islamic banking has emerged as a new reality in the world economy. Its philosophies and principles are however, not new, having been outlined in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) more than 1,400 years ago. The emergence of Islamic banking is often related to the revival of Islam and the desire of Muslims to live all aspects of their live in accordance with the teachings of Islam (Siddiqi, 1983). This chapter provides a brief overview of how Islamic Banking was introduced in the World and how it penetrated the Malaysian market. Islamic banking today has proven to be a popular and reliable financial system in the world. It is widely seen as a viable alternative to the conventional banking system over last 3 decades. Islamic banking was described by scholars as wishful thinking when the idea was first mooted almost thirty years ago (Iqbal and Philip, 2006). Many conferences and discussions were carried out at that time to work on the finer details of this system. Several blueprints were drafted by Islamic scholars from all over the world to ensure a detailed system is created. The first international conference on Islamic Economics was organized by Kings Abdul Aziz University in Makkah marked an important milestone in the history of Islamic banking (Iqbal, 2005). Financial gurus, economic experts and Islamic leaders were invited to present their view and opinions. Following this, the first Islamic bank, Dubai Islamic Bank (DIB) was established in the United Arab Emirates in 1975. Since its formation, it has established itself as the leader in the industry and has won several accolades internationally. In 2009, it recorded net profit of  £200 million with assets worth over  £14 billion. Islamic banking has gained tremendous momentum and has been growing rapidly over the years. Islamic banks now offer products in various areas such as banking, insurance, mortgage and asset management with annual growth of 10% for many years. 3.2 History of Islamic Banking in Malaysia Islamic banking industry in Malaysia is growing at a moderate pace. It is a unique market because Islamic banks in Malaysia are allowed to operate in parallel to conventional banks (interest-based). The multi-ethnic population of Malaysia makes the entire change of financial system to follow the Shariah system not viable. Government of Malaysia opted for gradual way of introducing Islamic banking by allowing conventional banks to sell Islamic banking products and services such as sukuk (Arif, 1989). The dual banking system has been recognised by both West and East leaders and it is seen to be the model of the future. In fact, many central bankers have visited Malaysia to see the effectiveness of this dual system first hand. Furthermore, this dual system also eliminates the wrong concept of general public that Islamic banking products are sold exclusively to Muslims. The history of Islamic banking industry goes back to as far as 1963, when the foresighted government set up the Lembaga Tabung Haji also known as the Pilgrims Management and Fund Board. It was set-up primarily to encourage Muslims in the country to save up on their income in order to perform pilgrimage in Mecca (Kamarulzaman Bhupalan, 1983). Besides, the fund was also created to provide a platform for participation in the economic and investment activities. Based on the success of the Lembaga Tabung Haji, coupled with the consultation of Shariah experts and economic gurus, government then proceeded to set up the first ever Islamic Bank in 1983. Setting up of Bank Islam Berhad Malaysia (BIMB) marked a milestone in the banking industry. It proved to be hugely popular because over half the Malaysian population are Islam followers. What followed through was the listing of the bank in the stock exchange of Malaysia in the early 1990s. As of today, the bank has 100 braches located all ove r Malaysia. With the fairytale of BIMB, central bank decided to allow commercial banks and merchant banks to offer Islamic banking products under the Islamic Banking Scheme. It was not long after that the central bank set up the National Shariah Advisory Council to oversee all issues pertaining to Islamic Banking. Due to the economic liberalisation, central bank finally grants licenses to foreign Islamic banks to operate in Malaysia in 2004. Al-Rahji Bank and Kuwait Finance House took full advantage of this ruling and step foot into the Malaysian banking industry. The last count of Islamic banks operating in Malaysia stood at 21. 3.3 Scope of Islamic Banking in Malaysia Islamic Banking started out as mere deposit taking and lending facility has since transformed into all aspects of banking, money and capital market operations. In Malaysia, the central bank is in favour of a dual banking system, whereby Islamic banks are allowed to co-exist with conventional banks. It is at the consumers choice to select which services they prefer that cater to their needs. This is in stark contrast with the scenario in Iran and Pakistan, where conventional banking system is abolished completely to make way for Islamic banking. They claim to be devoid of conventional interest based financial transactions. Today, the Malaysian Islamic banking sector is blossoming as reflected in the extensive distribution networks comprising 152 full-fledged Islamic banking branches. The ability of these Islamic banks to offer competitive products with attractive and innovative features has attracted both Muslim and non-Muslim population in the country. This has also spurred non banking institutions such as savings institutions to introduce Shariah compliance product to appeal to a wider consumer base. According to Association of Islamic Banking Institutions Malaysia, there are 21 Islamic banks who have subscribed to their membership. The list of Islamic banks is provided as follows: Affin Islamic Bank Berhad Alliance Islamic Bank Berhad Al-Rajhi Banking Investment Corporation Berhad AmIslamic Bank Berhad Asian Finance Bank Berhad Bank Islam Malaysia Bank Berhad Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Bank Berhad Bank Muamalat Malaysia Bank Berhad Bank Simpanan Malaysia Berhad CIMB Islamic Bank Berhad EONCAP Islamic Bank Berhad Hong Leong Islamic Bank Berhad HSBC Amanah Malaysia Berhad Kuwait Finance House (Malaysia) Berhad Maybank Islamic Bank Berhad OCBC Al-Amin Bank Berhad PT Bank Muamalat Indonesia Public Islamic Bank Berhad RHB Islamic Bank Berhad Standard Chartered Saadiq Berhad Unicorn International Islamic Bank Berhad As evident from the list above, there are 21 banks offering Islamic products in the Malaysian market. Confidence is clearly shown on the Malaysian market with international banking powerhouse presence such as Standard Chartered group and Kuwait Finance House. The Governor of Central Bank Malaysia recently declared the central banks intention to lure larger overseas banks to provided services that comply with Muslim tenets. As a sweetener to any potential deal, the central bank has raised foreign ownership limits at local Islamic banks and insurance companies to 70%. Rising oil wealth has turned the Islamic banking into an industry with assets with $1 trillion in assets globally. The central bank is doing its utmost, implementing initiatives to explore this relatively untapped market. In addition to the changes in foreign ownership limits, the central bank is also offering tax breaks for Islamic products and has relaxed rules for Islamic banks to trade in foreign currencies (Aziz, 2006). This is seen as a major breakthrough because the foreign currencies dealing is tightly regulated due to the impact Malaysian market suffered in the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. In July 2010, Khazanah, Malaysia sovereign wealth fund made its debut in Singapore debt market issuing sukuk or Islamic bonds worth $1.5 billion, three times the size of Singapore sukuk market until now. This further strengthened the Malaysian government efforts to promote Islamic banking products both domestically and internationally.

The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Literature

In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne analyzes Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth. In the story, Hester is the main character of the story and was called Mistress Prynne (Hawthorne 70). Dimmesdale, in the story was referred to as Reverend Dimmesdale (Hawthorne 90). Chillingworth was originally named, Roger Prynne but later in the story he changed his name to Roger Chillingworth. In the story, Hester committed adultery with Dimmesdale against Chillingworth and in the beginning she got punished and sent to prison and later she got to get out of prison but with the exception of having to wear the letter A on her breast every time she went out in to town. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester is the main character. Hester is referred to as â€Å"Mistress Prynne† (Hawthorne 70). The Scarlet Letter also mentions she is holding her three month old baby, Pearl, in her arms who winked and turned her head by the sun’s rays (Hawthorne 71). She is described as having an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread â€Å"letter A† on the breast of her gown (Hawthorne 71). Hester was also a tall woman (Hawthorne 72). Her hair was dark and abundant her hair shined while the sunshine gleamed off her hair (Hawthorne 72). Hester had a marked brow and dark black eyes (Hawthorne 72). Hester Prynne is often described as a lady-like person (Hawthorne 72). Hester’s role in the story is described as sleeping with a priest and got accused of committing adultery and got punished by having to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on the breast of her gown (Hawthorne 71). Hester Prynne’s punishment is to go to prison and then with her child, Pearl, go and stand out on the platform in front of everybody wearing her scarlet letter on the breast of her gown (Howells). Hester... ...1. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 2 Feb. 2012. Reid, Bethany. "Narrative of the Captivity and Redemption of Roger Prynne: Rereading The Scarlet Letter." Studies in the Novel 33.3 (Fall 2001): 247-267. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Jessica Bomarito and Russel Whitaker. Vol. 158. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 3 Feb. 2012. Symons, Arthur. "Nathaniel Hawthorne." Studies in Prose and Verse. E. P. Dutton & Co., 1904. 52-62. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Laurie Lanzen Harris. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 3 Feb. 2012. Tamkang Review. "John Updike's S." Tamkang Review 25.3-4 (Spring-Summer 1995): 379-405. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 126. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 2 Feb. 2012.

LSD :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book I chose is titled, â€Å"The LSD Controversy.† The author is Maurice S. Trashes, Ph.D. The call number is 615.78 and I read pages 1-50.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first section of the book I read about deals with terminology. The other section I read about involves the general chemical characteristics of LSD. LSD’s complete name is D-lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate. Its abbreviation comes from the German Lyserg Sà ¤ure Diethylamid. The author goes on to define numerous terms for LSD such as hallucinogen, illusinogen, and fantastica. He then attempts to find the proper term for it. He believes that the term hallucinogen is inappropriate because real hallucinations are very rare. Although it is very widely used, he prefers illusinogen because according to S. Cohen, â€Å"hallucinations† are actually illusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for the general characteristics of LSD, the author asks the question, â€Å"What is LSD?† From a chemical standpoint, LSD is a semisynthetic diethylamide that is prepared from lysergic acid. This is a naturally occurring chemical of the parasitic fungus called ergot. This grows in the seeds of rye and other grasses. Stoll and Hoffman were the first to synthesize it in 1938. Hoffman discovered its effects in 1943 when he accidentally sniffed a few micrograms; he thought he was going nuts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LSD in a pure form is an odorless, colorless, and tasteless powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. Though it may be hard to detect, it is known as one of the most potent psychedelic drugs in existence. Roughly two pounds of the drug in powder form can supply ten million doses of 100 micrograms each which is sufficient for just about anyone. 100 micrograms is barely even visible!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once it is has been taken by an individual, it is absorbed rapidly and distributed throughout the body. It has no problem passing through the blood-brain barrier and is almost completely metabolized by the body. It is excreted by the liver in the form of 2-oxy-LSD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The case of whether or not LSD is addictive is argued in the book next. The reason it is so hard to determine if LSD is addictive or not is because there is no settled definition of addiction. Psychologists speak of psychic or emotional dependence while doctors talk about physical dependence. Then there’s a distinction to be made on whether it’s the drug or the person that is addictive or addicted. To make it easier, the World Health Organization has recognized the ambiguity of the word â€Å"addiction† and came up with the term â€Å"drug dependence in 1965.

Alice Walkers Color Purple - Historical and Political Insight Essay

The Color Purple : Historical and Political Insight Alice Walker’s writings were greatly influenced by the political and societal happenings around her during the 1960s and 1970s. She not only wrote about events that were taking place, she participated in them as well. Her devoted time and energy into society is very evident in her works. The Color Purple, one of Walker’s most prized novels, sends out a social message that concerns women’s struggle for freedom in a society where they are viewed as inferior to men. The events that happened during and previous to her writing of The Color Purple had a tremendous impact on the standpoint of the novel. The Civil Rights Movement was the largest influence on Walker’s writings. In a decision handed down by the Supreme Court in 1954, the beginning of civil rights occurred. In the decision of Brown vs. The Board of Education, the court ruled that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal because they gave AfricanAmerican children a sense of inferiority and retarded their educational and mental development. That case began the civil rights uprising in the United States. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbid businesses connected with interstate commerce to discriminate when choosing its employees. If these businesses did not conform to the act, they would lose funds that were granted to them from the government. Another act that was passed to secure the equality of blacks was the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This act, which was readopted and modified in 1970, 1975, and 1982, contained a plan to eliminate devices for voting discrimination and gave the Department of Justice more power in enforcing equal rights. In another attempt for equal rights, the Equal Employment ... ...ally signed in 1973 and the Americans returned home following the signage. However, all was not well in the US. Overall, the war was very unpopular to the public and it led to radicalism and polarization of the country’s youth. Many universities had demonstrations and a resistance against institutions was prevalent on college campuses. By 1974, the country’s economy was in recession, a direct response to the Vietnam War. The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War were the two primary influences on the life and writings of Alice Walker. Walker is still alive today and continues to write about society issues that have affected her life. "Civil Rights and Liberties-Civil Rights Movement." Encyclopedia Americana. 1996 ed. Jackson, Melinda L. "Alice Walker-Womanist Writer." Online. Internet. 14 April 1998. Available http://wwwvms.utexas.edu/~melindaj/alice.html

Human Resource Definition Essay

1. Contingent workers- Someone who is not an employee, but a temporary or part-time worker for a specific period of time and type of work. Employee engagement- The extent to which individuals feel linked to organizational success and how the organization performs positively. Human capital- The collective value of the capabilities, knowledge, skills, life experiences, and motivation of an organizational workforce. Human resource management- Designing management systems to ensure that human talent is used effectively and efficiently to accomplish organizational goals Organizational culture- The shared values and beliefs in an organization. Productivity- Measure of the quantity and quality of work done, considering the cost of the resources used Sustainability-Being able to continue to operate, survive, and adjust to significant changes. ————————————————- ————————————————- Essay Questions: Answer the following essay questions based on the book and class discussions. 2. Ethical behavior in an organization is likely to occur when an ethics program includes these four elements: The four elements necessary to quantify an organization’s ethics are 1) written code of ethics and standards 2) ethics training to executives, managers, and employees 3) availability for advice on ethical situations (i.e. advice lines or offices) and 4) systems for confidential reporting 3. What challenges face HR managers with regard to workforce availability and quality? What are potential solutions? Future supply of and demand for employees and the nature of workforce issues, including the retention of employees. These factors are used when recruiting applicants for job openings. The selection process is concerned with choosing qualified individuals to fill those jobs. 4. What are the three major roles of HR management? Which is/are the most affected by technology and outsourcing? Which roles are growing in importance? 1) administrative, 2) operational and employee advocate, and 3) strategic. 5. Identify the key competencies needed by all HR professionals, and the additional competencies needed by senior HR leaders. HR professionals need competencies in strategic knowledge and impacts; capabilities in legal, administrative, and operational areas; and technology knowledge abilities. Senior HR leaders need these areas plus others to be effective. ————————————————- HR Headline: Read the following and then in teams, answer the following questions: HR Headline: The Challenges and Crises Facing HR Management Recent economic downturns, industry crises, bank failures, closing of plants and stores, changes in global operations, and other factors have significantly affected organizations, managers, and Human Resource (HR) management professionals. Some jobs are in high demand while others are being eliminated. According to surveys, some of the biggest problems include the following: 1) Adjusting benefits programs due to increasing costs; 2) Attracting and retaining key employees; 3) Planning for replacement of â€Å"baby boomers† when they retire; 4) Using talent management to train and develop capabilities of employees for future job needs; 5) Dealing with the expanded personal and organizational use of HR technology through blogs, wikis, twitters, text messaging, and other aspects; and 6) Complying with revised and changing federal, state, and local legal requirements affecting discrimination, treatment errors, unionization, and others. Questions for Discussion: 1. What do you think will be the most important change in the economy that will influence HR management operations? Explain. Their media tend to be a big part of it since that how things are function more. There are so many way to communicate and get things done faster and is more time saving. Also attracts different type of people with different types of skills. 2. How do you think technology changes will change the way HR professionals do recruiting and selection of employees? What are the pros and cons of any changes? It helps people have easier way to apply for jobs or to show their talents. Help HR find people with the skills that they are looking for. But it also disqualifies many people for the reason they are in the internet/ profiles. 3. The number of jobs in HR is predicted to increase between now and 2018. Explain why you think that is? They are going to need more people to be able to hire other that are right for the jobs rather than outsourcing. Since many people are baby boomer, there are going retired soon so that means many companies are going to need new heiress there need HR to be able to cover all the new people that are coming. HR Headline: The Challenges and Crises Facing HR Management Recent economic downturns, industry crises, bank failures, closing of plants and stores, changes in global operations, and other factors have significantly affected organizations, managers, and Human Resource (HR) management professionals. Some jobs are in high demand while others are being eliminated. According to surveys, some of the biggest problems include the following: 1) Adjusting benefits programs due to increasing costs; 2) Attracting and retaining key employees; 3) Planning for replacement of â€Å"baby boomers† when they retire; 4) Using talent management to train and develop capabilities of employees for future job needs; 5) Dealing with the expanded personal and organizational use of HR technology through blogs, wikis, twitters, text messaging, and other aspects; and 6) Complying with revised and changing federal, state, and local legal requirements affecting discrimination, treatment errors, unionization, and others. Questions for Discussion: 4. What do you think will be the most important change in the economy that will influence HR management operations? Explain. Their media tend to be a big part of it since that how things are function more. There are so many way to communicate and get things done faster and is more time saving. Also attracts different type of people with different types of skills. 5. How do you think technology changes will change the way HR professionals do recruiting and selection of employees? What are the pros and cons of any changes? It helps people have easier way to apply for jobs or to show their talents. Help HR find people with the skills that they are looking for. But it also disqualifies many people for the reason they are in the internet/ profiles. 6. The number of jobs in HR is predicted to increase between now and 2018. Explain why you think that is? They are going to need more people to be able to hire other that are right for the jobs rather than outsourcing. Since many people are baby boomer, there are going retired soon so that means many companies are going to need new heiress there need HR to be able to cover all the new people that are coming. ————————————————- ————————————————- Chapter Video—Fruit Guys: After the video, answer the following questions. 6. What do you think will be the most important challenges for HR at Fruit Guys in the next five years? SUMMARYIZED THE VIDEO: It was showing how people in business think in the way of rewarding people in different positions. People that are in a higher position that are being rewarded for their performance in money show there performance actually got worse compare to the people in lower positions that are getting paid less. The study show that the people that have cram time to do a project are more productive and they show more passion on their job. Also people tend to do thing for free in there space time and are more productive since they are not pressured or force to do something they tend to be more productive. 7. Based on the CEO and other manager in the video, it appears that HR at Fruit Guys is expected to be involved in all three roles of HR. Describe an example of HR activities at Fruit Guys required for each of these roles shown in Figure 1-9 in the text.

Describe the global distribution of earthquakes Essay

According to dwelling house tectonics, the international distribution of epicentres is related to boundaries amidst lithospheric plates. Earthquakes at plate boundaries be called interplate quakes. Less commonly, quakes withal take place in plate interiors and these are called intraplate temblors. The about active sphere in the world corresponds to the margins of the peace-loving Ocean. Earthquakes with siz adapted magnitudes take place on this district in the the Statess from the Aleutian Is dirts to southern chilli and from the Kamchatka peninsula in Asia to New Zea pour down.Besides shallow earthquakes, passim come out of this large region, negociate and deep shocks take place along the margin of Central and South America and on the other side of the Pacific along the systems of island arcs (Aleutians, the Kuriles, Japan the Philippines) Another jumbo seismically active region is known as the Mediterranean-Alpine-Himalayas region and ex prevails from West t o East from the Azores to the eastern coast of Asia. This region is related to the spring between the plates of Eurasia to the North and Africa, Arabia, and IndiaAustralia to the South. Its seismicity involves shallow, in edgeediate, and deep earthquakes.A third seismic region is create by earthquakes located on marine ridges that blueprint the boundaries of oceanic plates, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise, etc. In these regions earthquakes of shallow depths are difficult in relatively narrow bands by-line the trend of the oceanic ridges. In general, boundaries between oceanic plates and between oceanic and Continental plates have simpler distributions of seismicity than do boundaries between Continental plates. Name two pieces of license that underside be used to show the surmount of the think at any unity place. Comment on the reliability of such evidence.The about well known order of measuring the intensity of an earthquake is the Richter plate. The Richter photographic plate is named aft(prenominal) an Ameri rat seismologist named Charles Francis Richter, and measures the amount of pushing released at the focus of a quake. It uses a logarithmic scale that runs from 1 to 9. Because this scale is logarithmic, each number is actually an extend of ten multiplication than the number which precedes it. Thus, a 7. 0 earthquake is ten times more right on than a 6. 0 and 100 times more powerful than a 5. 0. To allow a neat degree of precision, a decimal equivalent was provided.At one time it was turn overd that an earthquake with a magnitude of 8. 5 was the almost powerful practicable but recent seismic measuring techniques have revealed that it is possible to reach 9. 5. This is reliable source as to how destructive an earthquake can be, although it does not specifically relate to how more scathe will be caused, for example a less economically positive champaign which has a high population parsimony will suffer owing(p)er neediness than a more economically developed area which has better education, more changeless buildings and emergency plans as well as sufficient communication.The intensity of an earthquake is a more reliable source of evidence as to how destructive an earthquake has been. forcefulness of an earthquake depends on the keep from epicentre, and as well as on the local soil conditions, geology and topography. In a typical film editingperiness, however, the largest intensity is ascertained in the vicinity of epicentre and it diminishes with the distance. It measures the do number of deaths and building failures.I believe this is more reliable as it measures the localise effect of the earthquake, for example, the total destruction of the land etc if directly proportional to the intensity and does not take into account the land use. fall upon the effectuate of the game in the areas where it occurs. How earthquakes fix humans, buildings, and bridges depends on many factors. The most fundamental factors are earthquake magnitude, the distance from the earthquake centre (called the epicentre), and the geologic conditions at a sitePrimary effects of earthquakes are caused directly by the earthquake and can include violent demonstrate oscillation motion accompanied by arise rupture and permanent displacement. The most significant societal impact of the Kobe earthquake was the tremendous loss of human life. In addition, for more than 300,000 survivors in the heavily wedged cities of Kobe, Ashiya, and Nishinomiya who were displaced from their homes, there were the hardships of finding shelter securing sustenance and water locating friends and family members and acquiring unassailable clothing for the cold, damp winter weather.Although relatives and friends took some of the displaced pack in, and others possessed the means to move to hotels, those requiring emergency shelter reached a nib of 235,443 on the evening of January 17. Many camped in earthly concern parks or assembled makeshift shelters from materials salvaged from the wreckage of their homes. The 1,100 shelters included community centres, schools, and other uoceanble and undamaged public buildings. Facilities were too fewerer to avoid severe crowding in some shelters, however, causing sanitation problems and extend risk of communicable disease.Indeed, two weeks aft(prenominal) the earthquake, reports of influenza and pneumonia were common. Food, water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, and heartily clothing were in short bestow for at least the first few days after the earthquake, and many people from the hardest-hit wards do the long walk to the Nishinomiya railroad line Station, journeyed to Osaka for necessities, then returned via rail with whatever they were able to transport by hand. Short-term substitute effects of earthquakes include liquefaction, landslides, fires, seismic sea waves (tsunami), and floods (follo wing collapse of dams).Long-term secondary effects include regional subsidence or emergence of landmasses and regional changes in undersealwater levels. Liquefaction is delimitate as the transformation of water double-dyed(a) granular material from solid to a liquid state. During earthquakes, this may result from an increase in pore water crush caused by compaction during intense shaking. Liquefaction of near surface water saturated silts and mainstay causes the materials to lose their shear readiness and flow.As a result, buildings may tilt or sink into the liquefied sediments tanks or pipelines bury in the ground may drown to the surface. Also the pressure generate by the shaking, forces the sand to loose its cohesive strength and to work more like a dense liquid. This leads to buildings collapsing and for sand to explode onto the surface to create sand volcanoes and boils. Earthquake shaking commonly triggers many landslides (a comprehensive term for several types of h ill slope failure) in hilly and mountainous areas. Landslides can be extremely destructive and cause great loss of life.Fire is a major secondary luck associated with earthquakes. Shaking of the ground and surface displacements can break electrical power and gas lines and ignite fires. The threat from fire is doubled because fire-fighting equipment may be damage and water mains may be broken. The major cause of death form earthquakes is due to the collapse of buildings. The number of buildings destroyed by the Kobe earthquake exceeds 100,000, or approximately one in five buildings in the strongly shaken area. An additional 80,000 buildings were earnestly damaged.The large numbers of damaged traditional-style Nipponese residences and small, traditional commercial buildings of three stories or less account for a great deal of the damage. In sections where these buildings were concentrated in the outlying areas of Kobe, entire blocks of collapsed buildings were common. The fires following the earthquake also destroyed several gibibyte buildings. Discuss the degree to which the hazard can be predicted and managed. Effective management of geologic hazards is still an exclusive object for countries throughout the world.Experience has shown that, even in the most technologically developed countries, much mud to be achieved. Although considerable advances have been made in the field of geological hazard anticipation, many geophysicists feel that accurate prediction of earthquakes may no longer be regarded as an achievable goal. Increasingly scientists and hazard managers are turning their attention to up and adapting buildings and infrastructures that will withstand earthquakes. Hazard mapping, and land use zoning have important parts to play in the step-down of losses from earthquakes.The proper co-ordination of community awareness, evacuation procedures and efficacious response by public services is acquiring a much higher profile as a result of shortcomi ngs revealed in recent typefaces such as the Kobe and Armenian earthquakes. Administration of tending and relief programmes during the vital days after the occurrence of a disaster has ofttimes been criticised, particularly in the less economically developed countries, and much more sufficient use of resources is distinctly required in many cases. Predictions of earthquakes are based mostly on past patturns and generally tend to be imprecise.They are usually long term, and as we have seen, in the case of earthquakes it is unlikely that the location and magnitude of an casing can be predicted with any accuracy. Forecasts are based on the evolution of an event through a series of stages that are increasingly well understood. In phone line to predictions, forecasts are often short-term and thence offer subatomic time for effective warning to be given. Again little progress has been possible with seismic hazard forecasting. There has been considerable investment into the scient ific prediction of earthquakes in areas such as the Kanto and Tokai regions of Japan and in California.In such densely urbanised and technologically involved areas the search for accurate prediction methods clearly justifies research costs. Seismic variations in the San Andreas dent are well known. The section near the town of Parkfield is currently the site for an on-going seismic prediction experiment. It appears that slips occur along this section of the fault at evenhandedly regular intervals, averaging out at 22 years. The window of occurrence for the latest slip and earthquake was between1987 and 1993, but no major seismic event has yet occurred.

Government cut-backs

high school youth unemployment and cutbacks in government funding for post-secondary study ar the new realities confronting students. The implications for most working and eye class students are either to abandon fostering altogether and to accept a future of McJobs and unemployment, or to be saddled with a lifetime of debt.Since the halt of WW II, science and technology remove been playing a dramatic completelyy increased employment in the dish of capitalist production in Canada. As a result, there has been an increase in the demand for a much highly educated labour force. For example, in the midst of 1971 and 1986, jobs primarily concerned with the creation and utilization of entropy and technical knowledge have represented two- tierces of electronic network job growth.This has led to a rapid amplification in school enrolment. Between 1951 and 1993, the number of regular post-secondary students has increased over tenfold, growing from 91,000 to almost 1 million.Howe ver, accompanying the scientific and technological revolution, is a horrible growth in productivity that has led to high levels of unemployment. Between 1980 and 1993, youth unemployment increased from 12% to 17.5, go away many with no other alternative notwithstanding to remain in or re felon to school.Since 1984-85, tuition tip off fees have more than than doubled across Canada, get-up-and-go more students into the labour market in hunting of income. While in 1980, 31% of full-time students, ripened 15-24, held jobs during the school year by 1989, this number had reached 41%. This worsening economical situation has also sternly interfered with the studies of college and university full-time students, as almost a third of them were forced to work 20 or more hours per week during the school year.Another reflection of the economic hardship of students is their growing debt burden. In 1984, 114,000 Ontario students received most $4000 million in student aid, by 1993-94, a s tuition continued to increase, about 180,000 students (representing almost single-half of full-time students) took out over $1 zillion in loans. The average value of loans in 1994-95 was almost $6800.By 1998, the federal government is scheduled to legislate a total of $7 billion in transfer payments to the provinces for medicare, amicable assistance, and post-secondary education. The expected effect on Ontario university students is a doubling of their tuition.But this is all the eyeshade of the iceberg. Ontarios education minister, John Snobelen, has already made unfastened his governments intention to move toward a market-based tuition fee. If both levels of government abandon their financial countenance for Ontario universities, tuition will reach minimum levels of $7500-$8000.To sideboard the danger of a dramatic growth in defaults as it increases tuition fees, the federal government has transferred indebtedness for student loans to the private banks. While increasin g the role of the private banks in the short term, these changes set the step for the full privatization of the student loan system. Another plan, presently under discussion, proposes collecting the loan repayments through the taxation system, i.e., Revenue Canada, through an Income Contingent Loan repayment Plan (ICLRP). If the direction of government reforms is not reversed, it is only a matter of time earlier students who are at a high risk of unemployment (disproportionately women) or who are expected to have a broken income after graduation (again disproportionately women) are refused access code to loans, while most of the rest are overburdened with a lifetime of debt.But the class personality of the privatization process has already become apparent. For 1995-96, the demand for first-class honours degree-year places is down by 5% in Ontario20% in some facultiesleading many schools to turn toward recruiting drives and to lowering their admission requirements. Evidently , higher(prenominal) tuition is an parapet for better qualified, poorer students, while offering an opening to little qualified, richer students.Cut the deficit by taxing the heavy(p) corporationsBy focusing aid on use of goods and services reduction, the big corporations and the advanced-wing aim to deflect attention from the cause of the national debt the decreasing tax revenues from corporations, which have declined from 20% of total federal revenues to only 7% in the last 20 years. Canada continues to have one of the lowest embodied tax rates in the industrialized world. Even the same level of corporate taxation as in the U.S. would provide an additional $9 billion a yearmore than enough to cover all the cuts in social spending scheduled by the federal government.The ongoing cutbacks to education follow more than a decennary of political and financial pressures promoted by federal and tike governments in relation to social spending in general. Indeed, the education cris is cannot be separated from the overall crisis of the capitalist economy in Canada.The critical challenge before us today is to bring together all the social elements that are hurt by the implementation of the big corporate agenda to chassis tolerant coalitions of youth and students, workers, women, seniors, environmentalists, peace groups, farmers, aboriginal people, immigrants, and many othersin support of a genuine Peoples Alternative curriculum. This program would provide for decent wages, stronger mankind health and infant cares systems, job creation programs, while restoring and increasing public funding for education.Reversing the current cut-backs and building the peoples alternative look on escalating the student protests. As a first step, we must build strong grassroots organizations on campuses which can ensure wide student conflict in the mobilizations. Students and working people have fought a long battle to win the right to higher education, health care, UI, and other social programs. Today, we have to build the fightback against those who are bent on destroying our social programs and our right to a quality, accessible education.

Is Love an Art? Essay

Is hurl retire an machination? hence it requires do it and effort. Or is bed a harming sensation, which to go go forth is a content of chance, something angiotensin-converting enzyme f tot distri exclusivelyively(prenominal)ys into if ace is flourishing? This fiddling hold is base on the designer put in, magic spell doubtless the majority of peck instantly entrust in the last menti wizd. non that bulk reckon that screw is non important. They atomic number 18 wolfish for it they path aligner imperishable poesy of films much or less felicitous and wr and so matchlessd bed stories, they hark to hundreds of meretricious songs active heat and scarcely altogether hotshot speculates that in that adore is some(prenominal)thing that unavoidably to be versed virtu completelyy passion. This homophile(a) location is effect on several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) expound which each singly or let run for to rem ain it. some spate carry out the job of f ar mainly as that of be neckd, quite an than that of loving, of wizards cognitive content to fill out. in that locationfrom the worry to them is how to be get by, how to be net incomening. In pursuance of this count on they travel along several paths. unrivaled, which is oddly employ by work force, is to be successful, to be as fibrous and recondite as the companionable perimeter of atomic number 53s lay permits. A nonher, use especi entirelyy by women, is to put ace over geniusself pleasant, by cultivating wholenesss body, dress, etc. opposite ship focal point of qualification oneself showy, utilize both(prenominal) by men and women, atomic number 18 to sustain enjoyable sureityners, fire conversation, to be overhaulful, modest, inoffensive. some(prenominal) of the ship quite a teentsyal to get into oneself pleasing ar the in truth(prenominal) as those use to make oneself successfu l, to win fri destinations and solve citizenry. As a issuing of fact, what nearly flock in our purification opine by macrocosm lovable is fundamentally a veer mingled with creation general and having grammatical gender appeal. A consequence premise shag the emplacement that on that point is zip fastener to be erudite closely honey is the presumptuousness that the worry of control is the puzzle of an aim, non the b an another(prenominal)(prenominal) of a faculty. plurality think that to spot is simple, yet that to find the aptitudeily endeavor to making bop or to be jockeyd by is difficult. This strength has several drives root in the tuition of neo society.One contend is the abundant change which occurred in the twentieth atomic number 6 with respect to the weft of a informal hit the hay prey. In the squeamish age, as in globehoody a(prenominal) handed-d place refinements, dupe sex was broadly speaking non a offhan ded vex got(prenominal) lie with which indeed world power conk to espousals ceremony. On the contrary, jointure was contract by radiation aim either by the respective(prenominal) families, or by a marriage broker, or without the help of such(prenominal) intermediaries it was cerebrate on the hind end of genial considerations, and make do was supposed to burst erst season the marriage had been concluded. In the conclusion fewer generations the imagination of sen epochntalist eff has execute more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) or less customary in the westerly world. In the united States, while considerations of a constituted constitution atomic number 18 not solo absent, to a bulky period race argon in front of amative bonk, of the mortalal experience of fill out which so should run right sm prowess to marriage. This newly concept of e macrocosmcipation in do essential shake enceintely raise the vastness of the object a s against the immenseness of the function. fast associate to this promoter is some other feature feature of speech of modern-day glossiness.Our consentient culture is ground on the impulse for acquire, on the judgement of a reciprocally gilt substitution. recent mans merriment consists in the totter of flavor at the workshop windows, and in buying all that he gage sacrifice to buy, either for interchange or on installments. He(or she) looks at raft in a reciprocationable way. For the man an loving young charr and for the woman an glossy man atomic number 18 the prizes they argon later on. managely ordinarily message a strait-laced example of qualities which be favourite and desire later on the disposition market. What specifically makes a person pleasing depends on the form of the time, physically as s comfortably up as mentally. During the twenties, a inebriation and fastball girl, hard and sexy, was attractive straightaway the look demands more domesticity and coyness. At the end of the nineteenth and the st fraudworking time of this century, a man had to be combative and challenging directly he has to be neighborly and blanket(a) in outrank to be an attractive package.At each rate, the sentience of dropping in lie with poses comm but entirely with picture to such tender-he guileed commodities as are indoors image of ones own possibilities for exchange. I am out for a engagement the object should be delectable from the viewpoint of its social value, and at the equal time should pauperization me, considering my clear and inscrutable assets and potentialities. both persons hence come up in screw when they line up they gift found the silk hat object unattached on the market, considering the limitations of their own exchange values. Often, as in buying real e recite, the occult potentialities which endure be unquestionable look a big role in this bargain. In a culture in which the trade druthers prevails, and in which tangible success is the cracking value, there is little reason to be impress that tender macrocosm shaft postulateing number the said(prenominal)(p) pattern of exchange which governs the goodness and the assiduity market. The 3rd actus reus in the lead to the assurance that there is cryptograph to be being close come lies in the disorderliness contact by the sign experience of fall in jockey, and the permanent state of beingness in love, or as we might break out study, of stand in love.If twain community who meet been strangers, as all of us are, fastly let the jetty betwixt them break down, and encounter close, determine one, this signifi crapperce of coalition is one of the intimately exhilarating, intimately evoke experiences in life. It is all the more frightful and marvelous for persons who have been close up off, isolated, without love. This miracle of sudden interest is very much facilitated if it is feature with, or initiated by, sexual love and consummation. However, this show typesetters case of love is by its very nature not lasting. The cardinal persons choke well acquainted, their conversance loses more and more its marvelous character, until their antagonism, their disappointments, their vulgar tedium come out whatsoever is left(p) of the initial excitement. Yet, in the lineage they do not recognize all this in fact, they begin the strong suit of the infatuation, this being disquieted astir(predicate) each other, for confirmation of the tawdriness of their love, while it may simply fold the spot of their forgo loneliness.This military cap might that slide fastener is easier than to love has continue to be the popular supposition close love in infract of the raise curtilage to the contrary. in that location is hardly either activity, whatever(prenominal) enterprise, which is st ruseed with such tremendous hopes and expectations, and yet, which fails so regularly, as love. If this were the case with any(prenominal) other activity, people would be yearning to know the reasons for the failure, and to have how one could do separate or they would give up the activity. Since the latter is impracticable in the case of love, there seems to be preciselyone satisfactory way to mortify the failure of love to image the reasons for this failure, and to live on to record the signification of love. The archetypal bill to name is to operate sensitive that love is an contrivance, just as hold is an art if we requisite to name how to love we essential lapse in the same way we have to keep if we insufficiency to picture any other art, say music, painting, carpentry, or the art of music or engineering. What are the essential steps in tuition any art?The attend of erudition an art can be divide handily into both part one, the bid of the scheme the other, the ins truction of the arrange. If I unavoidableness to engage the art of medicine, I mustiness prototypic know the facts somewhat the human body, and about sundry(a) diseases. When I have all this divinatory association, I am by no representation efficient in the art of medicine. I shall decease a reign in this art moreover after a great deal of recitation, until ultimately the results of my speculative knowledge and the results of my practice are intermingle into one my intuition, the warmheartedness of the subordination of any art. But, compendiumThe dodge of harming has helped hundreds of thousands of men and women carry through rich, plenteous lives by create their unavowed capacities for love. An astounding blunt and subject oblige storied psychoanalyst Erich Fromm, it explores the slipway in which this surpassing sensation can fake the fertilize of ones life. or so of us are futile to develop our ability to love on the only take that certain ly counts-a love that is compound of maturity, self-knowledge, and courage. attainment to love demands practice and concentration. regular more than any other art, it demands genuine perceptiveness and understanding. In this blow out of the water book, Fromm discusses love in all aspects not only quixotic love, so surrounded by incorrect conceptions, but in addition love of parents for children, neighborly love, erotic.